WASHINGTON — Vladimir Putin’s unprovoked war on Ukraine and the resulting global response will set Russia’s economy back by at least 30 years — close to old Soviet Union times — and lower its standard of living for at least the next five years, according to economists, investors and diplomats.
The sweeping Western sanctions are designed to inflict maximum pain on Russia’s economy by expelling it from global markets and freezing assets around the world. From the moment they took effect three weeks ago, the sanctions have opened a new chapter in the country’s economic history.
Russia’s financial system and currency are collapsing on multiple fronts, forcing the Kremlin to close the stock market and artificially prop up the ruble inside its borders.
Practically overnight, the country’s 40-year effort to build a prosperous market-based economy that began under former leader Mikhail Gorbachev has failed, one more casualty in President Putin’s brutal invasion of Ukraine.
Landmark economic and social reforms originating in the 1980s gave the Soviet Union its first taste of American products. But decades of work to integrate Russia’s economy into Europe ended in the past few weeks, as blue chip companies quit the Russian market and the United States and European Union moved to wind down trade and tourism with Russia.
Two sanctions in particular have wreaked havoc on the country’s economy. The first one expelled Russia’s largest banks from the global payments network known as SWIFT, making it very difficult for them to process overseas transactions.
The second measure froze hundreds of billions of Euros held in reserve by Russia’s Central Bank. Without reserve funds to shore up the Russian ruble, there is very little the Kremlin can do to prevent its value from collapsing.
Meanwhile, the United States and Britain are also halting imports of Russian oil and gas, the U.S. has imposed export controls on high tech equipment and luxury goods, and a growing list of countries have barred Russian ships from their ports.
“The problem you have now is we’re basically in a spiral where we don’t know how many unrealized losses there are left to realize,” said Maximillian Hess, a Central Asia fellow in the Eurasia program at the nonprofit Foreign Policy Research Institute.
“So we still can’t rule out that the ruble could collapse, collapse.” he added.
Unwinding decades of growth
Already, the snowballing economic crisis in Russia threatens to wipe out decades of economic gains made by ordinary Russians.
In the past month, the ruble has lost 40% of its value against the dollar, rendering the currency effectively useless outside of Russia.
Desperate to maintain the ruble’s value inside Russia, on March 8 the Kremlin issued a new order that bars Russians from exchanging rubles for hard currencies like the U.S. dollar or euro.
This effectively turned the ruble into play money, a currency that only has value in an essentially fictional economy inside Russia, where people aren’t allowed to buy what they want. Policies like these are erasing the credibility built over decades of integrating the Russian economy with the rest of Europe.
Meanwhile, sanctions on Russia’s largest banks have added yet another layer of uncertainty to everyday transactions, like buying a metro ticket in Moscow with Apple Pay, which is prohibited by U.S. sanctions, or exchanging rubles for dollars at a bank, which is prohibited by the Russian government.
“There was an emerging middle class [in Russia] that is now going to be knocked back,” said Christopher Smart, chief global strategist and head of the Barings Investment Institute. “It’s going to be isolated. It’s going to have a currency that doesn’t really hold any value outside the country.”
Foreign policy experts also believe that Russia will default on its sovereign debt in the coming days, when more than $100 million in bond payments come due on Wednesday.
“Russia is defaulting, that’s guaranteed,” said Hess.
Russia’s finance minister recently said Russia will pay its sovereign foreign debt in rubles as long as Western sanctions keep almost half of its central bank reserves frozen.
But Hess said the contracts governing these debts prohibit Russia from paying interest in rubles, meaning a Russian attempt to do so would constitute a technical default.
Taken together, the plummeting ruble and the looming defaults make Russia look very risky to lenders.
“Russia destroyed any credibility that it has as a borrower for the foreseeable future,” said Hess, an expert on sovereign debt. “It’s never again going to be able to borrow at the rates that it was able to borrow at in recent years.”
The exodus of global brands
Since the start of the Feb. 24 invasion of Ukraine, more than 300 of the world’s most iconic brands have voluntarily halted or dialed back their business in Russia.
Among them are global banks like Goldman Sachs, all Big Four accounting firms and consumer brands like Starbucks and Ford.
“A lot of these companies pulling out of Russia are not doing it for their reputational reasons,” said Hess. “It’s because they know they’re not going to be able to process payments and move money in and out of the country for the foreseeable future,” due to the sanctions, he said.
Several departures are likely to hit Russians harder than others.
For decades, PepsiCo, Levi Strauss and Coca Cola symbolized freedom for young people behind the Iron Curtain. All three have announced they will suspend sales of their core products in Russia.
Another high impact exit is the three oil giants: Shell, BP and Exxon, whose departures dealt a body blow to Russia’s petroleum dependent economy.
Visa, Mastercard, PayPal and American Express also suspended services in Russia, leaving Russians outside the country unable to use their debit cards and Russian banks scrambling to shift to a Chinese card issuers.
One of the most symbolic departures was that of McDonalds. The fast food chain opened its first restaurant in Moscow in early 1990, an event that was considered a watershed moment in Russia’s opening to the West. Last week, McDonald’s announced that all 850 of its restaurants in Russia would temporarily close.
Several of the companies that have halted operations in Russia insist they’ll be back as soon as the fighting in Ukraine is over. But global investment experts say U.S. sanctions and a depreciating ruble make it difficult to envision any of these companies returning this year, or the next.
“Not next year, not five years from now. It’s going to be a long time before investors go back to Russia,” said Smart of Barings.
A drop in the standard of living
Unlike their neighbors in Ukraine, who live under constant bombardment by Russian missiles, average Russians aren’t fleeing for their lives. They’re not even feeling the full effect of the NATO sanctions yet.
“Very soon, the real impact will hit Russia,” said Smart. “They can’t import medicines. They won’t import spare parts for their airplanes. They won’t have access to any kind of investment to develop their oil fields.”
Smart predicted Russia will have a lot of “knock offs and lookalike cars and cell phones” imported from China.
Barring a major change in regime that puts Putin out of power, Hess of the Foreign Policy Research Institute predicted that in five years Russians “will be living in some version of the 90’s and potentially even something worse,” if Putin decides to further manipulate the currency or to weaponize commodities.
Even as the Russian economy reels from sanctions that are a direct result of Putin’s war, Putin himself remains very firmly in control of the country. Still, that doesn’t mean he’s invincible.
“Putin has premised his rule on making sure that people don’t have to live in the living standards and the ways they lived in the 90s again,” said Hess. And for most of his time in power, Putin has lived up to his end of that bargain.
When Putin was first elected in 2000, he took the helm of a country where 38% of the population lived on less than $5.50 per day, according to World Bank data using 2011 price values. By 2018, that figure had fallen by more than 90%, to just 3.7% of the population.
During that time, millions of Russians bought foreign cars and microwaves and TVs. They dressed in brands like Diesel and Mango and Benetton, and they began to take holidays abroad.
But if average Russians start to see their standard of living fall as a result of Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, experts say Putin could have a real problem.
That problem stems from an unwritten social contract that Putin has with Russian voters.
“The deal was that [Putin] would end the chaos of the 1990s and allow people to be domestically and financially successful,” said Barry Ickes, head of the economics department at Penn State University. “In exchange, the people would agree not to challenge Putin’s political power. And that’s been his deal ever since.”
This contract helps to explain how Putin has retained power in Russia for almost 20 years, and why so many levels of Russian society have tolerated his evolution into a full-blown autocrat. But it’s also the key to understanding his vulnerability, experts said.
For years, the Kremlin has argued that for Russians, the freedom to travel and spend money is more important than less tangible freedoms, like the freedom to protest against the government.
“In the early 1990’s our people were paupers — and it’s ridiculous to say they were free,” Vladislav Surkov, a leading Kremlin ideologist, said in a 2006 Financial Times interview. “When you have a car to ride in and things to buy, that’s freedom.”
If Putin cannot provide “stability and a good level of economic support” to average Russians, said Ickes, then he risks looking as though he’s not honoring the social contract.
As Putin’s war in Ukraine carries into its third week, both stability and economic support are becoming harder for Putin to provide.
The coming decade of isolation
Again and again, investors and policy experts said it’s nearly impossible to envision a realistic scenario in which American companies would resume operations in Russia within the next five years.
“Once companies leave [Russia] they take some costs and book them on their accounts. And then there’s an environment where you’ve already taken these losses, so it’s a lot harder to convince your risk committee to go back in,” said Hess.
Given the direct impact that sanctions are having on the business climate in Russia, securing a full or partial lifting of them is key to making American companies want to come back.
But none of the experts who spoke to CNBC for this story believe that any of the current sanctions against Russia or Belarus are going to be eased or lifted for at least the next three years.
“Until you have a new leader in Russia, one who apologizes for invading Ukraine and who writes a check for reparations, these sanctions are going to remain in place,” said Smart, of Barings. “And I don’t see any of the three things I just described happening.”
Underscoring this is the fact that the current sanctions do not even contain any language about what Russia could do to convince Washington to lift them.
For Smart, the best way to understand the Western effort to isolate Russia is to view it as a long-term strategic move, within a 10- to 20-year window.
Russia “is the 11th largest economy in the world, and we’re about to seal it up in a container and not do business with it for the foreseeable future,” he said.
For everyday Russians, the coming months will test how much of the modern world they are willing to give up to further Putin’s ambitions of control over Eastern Europe.
“Until recently, [Putin’s] whole program was relatively popular,” said Ickes, of Penn State. “It’s the last two weeks where there’s been a major shift.”
“Now the loss of international travel is painful. And the loss of the internet is painful. And your debit card doesn’t work anymore. That’s a big, big, big, deal,” he said.
